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Madonna感人肺腑真诚演讲致敬M J
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http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/akbsVO5Nttk
Madonna surprised MTV's VMAs tonight by opening the show with a long speech about Michael Jackson that was followed by a performance by Janet Jackson. The show closed with a spectacular look at This Is It, the film assembled from Jackson's concert rehearsals. Read Madonna's entire tribute here:
Michael Jackson. [Cheers] I have a little bit more to say than that. OK, here we go again. Michael Jackson was born in August 1958. So was I. Michael Jackson grew up in the suburbs of the Midwest. So did I. Michael Jackson had eight brothers and sisters. So do I. When Michael Jackson was six, he became a superstar, and was perhaps the world's most beloved child. When I was six, my mother died. I think he got the shorter end of the stick. I never had a mother, but he never had a childhood. And when you never get to have something, you become obsessed by it.
I spent my childhood searching for my mother figures. Sometimes I was successful, but how do you recreate your childhood when you are under the magnifying glass of the world?
There is no question that Michael Jackson is one of the greatest talents the world has ever known. That when he sang a song at the ripe old age of eight he could make you feel like an experienced adult was squeezing your heart with his words. That when he moved he had the elegance of Fred Astaire and packed the punch of Muhammad Ali. That his music had an extra layer of inexplicable magic that didn't just make you want to dance but actually made you believe you could fly, dare to dream, be anything that you wanted to be. Because that is what heroes do and Michael Jackson was a hero.
He performed in soccer stadiums around the world, and sold hundreds of millions of records and dined with prime ministers and presidents. Girls fell in love with him, boys fell in love with him, everyone wanted to dance like him. He seemed otherworldly — but he was a human being.
like most performers he was shy and plagued with insecurities. I can't say we were great friends, but in 1991 I decided I wanted to try to get to know him better. I asked him out to dinner, I said "My treat, I'll drive — just you and me."
He agreed and showed up to my house without any bodyguards. We drove to the restaurant in my car. It was dark out, but he was still wearing sunglasses.
I said, "Michael, I feel like I'm talking to a limousine. Do you think you can take off your glasses so I can see your eyes?"
Then he tossed the glasses out the window, looked at me with a wink and a smile and said, "Can you see me now? Is that better?"
in that moment, I could see both his vulnerability and his charm. The rest of the dinner, I was hellbent on getting him to eat French fries, drink wine, have dessert and say bad words. Things he never seemed to allow himself to do. Later we went back to my house to watch a movie and sat on the couch like two kids, and somewhere in the middle of the movie, his hand snuck over and held mine.
It felt like he was looking for more of a friend than a romance, and I was happy to oblige. In that moment, he didn't feel like a superstar. He felt like a human being.
We went out a few more times together, and then for one reason or another we fell out of touch. Then the witch hunt began, and it seemed like one negative story after another was coming out about Michael. I felt his pain, I know what it's like to walk down the street and feel like the whole world is turned against you. I know what it's like to feel helpless and unable to defend yourself because the roar of the lynch mob is so loud you feel like your voice can never be heard.
But I had a childhood, and I was allowed to make mistakes and find my own way in the world without the glare of the spotlight.
When I first heard that Michael had died, I was in London, days away from the start of my tour. Michael was going to perform in the same venue as me a week later. All I could think about in this moment was, "I had abandoned him." That we had abandoned him. That we had allowed this magnificent creature who had once set the world on fire to somehow slip through the cracks. While he was trying to build a family and rebuild his career, we were all passing judgement. Most of us had turned our backs on him. In a desperate attempt to hold onto his memory, I went on the internet to watch old clips of him dancing and singing on TV and on stage and I thought, "my God, he was so unique, so original, so rare, and there will never be anyone like him again. He was a king."
But he was also a human being, and alas we are all human beings and sometimes we have to lose things before we can appreciate them. I want to end this on a positive note and say that my sons, age nine and four, are obsessed with Michael Jackson. There's a whole lot of crotch grabbing and moon walking going on in my house. And, it seems like a whole new generation of kids have discovered his genius and are bringing him to life again. I hope that wherever Michael is right now he is smiling about this.
Yes, Michael Jackson was a human being but he was a king. Long live the king.
迈克尔杰克逊出生于1958年8月。我也是。
迈克尔杰克逊是在美国中西部的郊区长大的，而我也是。
迈克尔杰克逊有八个兄弟姐妹，我也有。
在迈克尔杰克逊年仅6岁的时候，他便成为了一个超级巨星，或许更是世界上最多人钟爱的小孩。而我6岁的时候，母亲永远离开了我。
我从没有拥有过母爱，而他却从来没有享受过童年。当一个人意识到永远得不到某种东西时，他就会对此念念不忘。我耗尽了童年寻找母亲的形象，相比起MJ我是成功的。当你的一生都被安置在放大镜下被人关注时，试问你是如何重新找回你的童年？
毫无以为MJ是世界上最伟大的天才之一。当他还是个8岁的小孩时，他的歌声已经让人感觉像个饱经沧桑的成人在述说他的故事，也因此扣人心弦……他的音乐有一种魔力，让你不仅仅想随之而舞，更让你相信你可以飞翔，勇于面对自己的梦想，成为任何你想成为的人。因为这就是英雄的影响力！而迈克尔?杰克逊就是个英雄！
我无法说我们是很要好的朋友，但是在1991年我邀请他共度晚餐：我说："我请客，我开车，只有你和我。"他答应了，并只身一人不带保镖出现在我家中。我开车和他出去，天已经很黑的可他仍然戴着他的墨镜。于是我说："迈克尔，我觉得我是在跟这部车说话。你能把眼睛摘掉让我看见你的眼睛吗？"他犹豫了一会儿然后把眼镜扔出窗外，用闪烁的眼睛看着我，笑着说："现在你能看见我了没？有没有好点？"在这时我终于感受到他的脆弱和他的魅力.
在晚餐休息时，我是让他吃薯条，喝葡萄酒，吃甜点，说脏话。这些事情他好像从来没有做过，我让他来自己做。
后来，我们回到我家看电影，和他在一起就像两个孩子坐在沙发上，他的手搭在了我的肩膀上。我可以体会他的痛苦。我很清楚当一个人走在街上而全世界似乎都与你为敌的感觉，我也很清楚那种无助和无法为自己辩护的痛苦，因为那些嘶吼着要将你处死的声音实在太大，以至于无论你如何大声否认也没人听见。
当我第一次听到MJ去世的消息时，我正在伦敦做巡回演唱会。而我当时的感觉便是我遗弃了他，我们都遗弃了他！……当他试图建立自己的家庭和重拾他的事业时，我们都忙于对他做出评定。我们中的大部分人都拒绝了他。
最后，我想以一个积极乐观的方式结束我的发言。我的两个儿子，9岁和4岁，都非常痴迷于MJ，成天都在家里跳月球步，就好像全世界新一代的小孩儿们发现了杰克逊的天赋，并将他重新复活一样。我希望无论迈克尔现在身在何处，看到这一些时都是面带微笑的。
是的，迈克尔·杰克逊是一个人类，但该死的，他就是一个王者！一个永世长存的王！
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作者:
qiuqiu | 分类:
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新东方英语四级阅读30天学习笔记（4）
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细节题准确定位方法：
1、根据题干关键词定位。（注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词）
例：brave=bold
2、利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。
例：It's a better way of education. 条件词：It is a good way of education；if.... At...When...都是if的同义转换。
3、注意结合顺序原则定位。
4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考试原则句进行反推
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them. and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they
had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔)into the air.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the manager
B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant
B) the manufacturer
C) the store manager
D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of
B) realize the purpose of
C) fulfill the demands of
D) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer' s complaint about a faulty item
B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
注：1.present v. 提交
2.主题句后将介绍其他不同投诉的方法
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
注：the more...the more... 比较结构，可以跟32题联系在一起。
（到此处，文章后面的题目中有4道题已经可以定位了。31题、32题、34题和35题）
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo(立体声音响)does not work."
注：1.firmly 坚决的
2.demonstrate 证明、证实
3.specific 具体的，详细的
4.as to = about
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
D) asking politely to change the item
注：B 选项 exactly =文中specific，同义改写
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the manager
B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
注：1.A、B、C是窜段选项
2.提交保单或有力证明是文章中第一段就提到的the first step
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant B) the manufacturer
C) the store manager D) a public organization
注：级别越高，解决问题越快
A simple and common method used by many
consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the " higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of
C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of
注：词汇题。
1.or 前后两部分意思相近：faulty 产品有问题/不符合厂家宣称质量
2.采用代入法，将选项代替文中的 live up to ，找到符合句义的选项
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item
B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers
注：1.主题题，有效投诉
2.其他的选项都是从商场的角度，而文章是从消费者的角度来写的。
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C) the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negative B) neutral
C) critical D) positive
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
注：1.patient n. 病人，adj. 耐心的
2.第一句强烈结论：主题句
3.administration 管理
4.do well to 最好……
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
注：1.assign 分配
2.at length 长时间
3.account 纪录，账户
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
注：1.keep track with 跟踪
2.not uncommon = common
3.approach 接近，方法
4.本段讲 Beth Israel 医院医生和护士协调合作
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
注：1.self-contained 自成一体
2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分
3.shift 班次
Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
注：1.nurse-in-chief 护士长
2.首句说明护士长的地位很高
3.only出现，是考点
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
注：第三段末句，B选项 day and night，C选项 every patient，D选项 every day
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。
2.A项中的patient 为耐心的，混淆"病人"意思
3.inadequate 不完善的，B 项为文章第二句的同义改写句
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
同类型题：
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C) the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
注：第三段第二句
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
注：1.倒数第二段，former 前者指代 nurse-manager，反义 latter 后者
2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negative B) neutral
C) critical D) positive
注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话
在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time
C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance
C) comfort D) suitability
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that _________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
注：1.merciless 无情的
2.第一句结论主题句
3.taken advantage of 利用；tremble 颤抖
4.fashion 时尚，时装，形势；一词多义的现象：blue 蓝色；忧郁的；社会地位比较高的妇女，blues 蓝调音乐
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
注：考得是首段第二和第三句之间的关系
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
注：1.nothing/no more than = only
2.changing fashion 改变中的时尚
3.alter 改变；afford 承担，支付
4.本段首句结论句，末句细节句
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
注：1.首句为结论句，后面开始解释
2.vital 重要的 vit 词根，意思是"重要"
VIP = very important person 重要的人
3.put up with 忍受= stand
4.末句为细节句，速读
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time
C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
注：通过alter 一词定位于第二段
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance
C) comfort D) suitability
注：1.place stress on 重视
2.本句为虚拟语气，说明应该是设计师没有重视而被作者批判的东西。反过来想，定位第三段第二句，考得是列举现象
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
注：1.exploitation 剥削，探索
2.A 选项为文章首句前半句的同义改写
3.B 陈述句表示确定语气，与文章中疑问句的不确定语气不同；C 项与文中意思相反，D 选项中only 绝对化语气词
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that __________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
注：1.A 和 B 都是涉及第三段内容，是窜段选项。C选项与末段Men are too clever to let themselves... 意思冲突
2.D 项为最后一段 Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 的同义改写
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spelling
B) the role of spelling in general language development
C) the complexities of the basic writing skills
D) the necessity of teaching spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefully
B) to do as teachers say
C) to use dictionaries frequently
D) to avoid using words one is not sure of
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely
B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
C) students will have more confidence in writing
D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
A) reasonable B) unfair
C) foolish D) careless
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills
B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions
D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
注：1.第一段中间出现 however, 末句为主题句
2.popular belief 普遍观点，负态度
3.ignor 忽略 = neglect = overlook, 区别是：ignor (故意) overlook ( 忽略)
4.give A priority over B 给A优先权
5.confidently 自信的
If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.
注：1.focal 关注的，名词为 focus 焦点
2.adventurous 冒险的
3.content 内容，contend 包含
4.technical ability 指的是 spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefully
B) to do as teachers say
C) to use dictionaries frequently
D) to avoid using words one is not sure of
注：文章第二段，该词出现在第一句，解释答案在第二句。考得是两句关系
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely
B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
C) students will have more confidence in writing
D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
注：文章第二段，B,D 选项文章未提到，可排除。定位此段末句，选择A项
I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a
sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: "This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible (难以辨认的)." It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动力) to seek improvement.
注：1.shock 震惊
2.omit 省略
3.作者对作文评语的负评价，but 及虚拟语气可以表明作者的态度。
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
A) reasonable B) unfair
C) foolish D) careless
注：作者持负态度，所以选择B
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spelling
B) the role of spelling in general language development
C) the complexities of the basic writing skills
D) the necessity of teaching spelling
注：文章第一段，role 对应文章中的 priority
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills
B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions
D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
注：主题题，D 选项是对主题句的同义改写
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expected B) be completed
C) be advanced D) be introduced
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient funding B) further experiments
C) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC' s needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra near Milan.
注：1.provision 提供，来自 provide
2.modest 少量的，谦虚的
3.according to 之前是重点
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
注：1.with 引导从句做状语
2.achieve 获得，达到
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the
year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
注：定位在文章第二段。
Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three percent of the EEC's needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.
注：1.bill 花费，请客的几种说法：It's on me/It's my treat/Let me have the bill
2.四级常出现的复杂宾语从句：that with...it is ....that/to...
3.share 分享，份量，份额
4.本段考试原则句：两个比较级more advanced 和 bigger share ，一个因果关系
At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EEC's official joint research centres, and another $3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.
注：两个数字2.6millions 和3 millions形成总和关系
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expected B) be completed
C) be advanced D) be introduced
注：考得是动词词组含义，可根据动词词组的副词来判断大致方向。brought forward 向前；向后：hold back
同类型题：
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A) made to remain in the same classes
B) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studies
D) prevented from advancing.
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.
注：1.A选项应该是节约one billion
2. C 选项是末段数字之和关系
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs
注：D选项中的 greater proportion = 文章第三段中的 bigger share
Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three percent of the EEC's needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient funding B) further experiments
C) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories
注：A选项讲到资金；C讲第三段，为窜段选项；D涉及句子次要成分的选项，
●涉及句子当中主要成分选项优选于涉及次要成分选项，次要成分包括：插入语，同位语
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _________.
A) poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems
B) lack of financial support for development
C) limited railroad lines
D) lack of a transcontinental railroad
37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west
B) attracted many visitors to the construction sites
C) attracted laborers from Europe
D) encouraged people to travel all over the country
38. The best title for this passage would be ________
A) Settlements Spread Westward
B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
C) American Railroad History
D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
A) 9 years B) 7 years
C) 4 years D) 3 years
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A) The possibility of government support for such a task.
B) The need to explore Utah.
C) The need to connect the east coast with the west.
D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement (新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
注：1.首句提出问题，后跟着解决方案。
四级文章套路：有现象必有解释，有结论必有解释，有问题必有解决方案
2.most serious 对应36题中的 major problem，最高级出现是考点
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
注：1.authorize 授权
2.1862、4 years、1869三个数字出现，是考点
3.what is now 现在的
The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.
37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west
B) attracted many visitors to the construction sites
C) attracted laborers from Europe
D) encouraged people to travel all over the country
注：A 选项看末段，B 选项铁路建成大家来庆祝，C 选项错误推理，文章中的意思为雇佣爱尔兰工人
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
A) 9 years B) 7 years
C) 4 years D) 3 years
注：1869-(1862+4)=3
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A) The possibility of government support for such a task.
B) The need to explore Utah.
C) The need to connect the east coast with the west.
D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
注：1.问题是建设跨洲铁路的目的
2.transcontinental 跨越大洲的 trans -- 跨越
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement (新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
38. The best title for this passage would be ________
A) Settlements Spread Westward
B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
C) American Railroad History
D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
注：本文主题词：transcontinent railroad，A选项直接摘抄，C选项范围过大，D选项railroads范围过大
●文章标题题型：1.文章主题词必须在选项中出现
2.选项范围恰如其分，不可过大，亦不可过于细节
范围过大：选项本身范围过大；选项缺少文章中的限定词
范围过细：只出现某一段中心事物的选项
3.直接从文章首句或某句话摘抄词语编成的选项为干扰
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新东方英语四级阅读30天学习笔记（3）
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细节题准确定位方法：
1、根据题干关键词定位。（注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词）
例：brave=bold
2、利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。
例：It's a better way of education. 条件词：It is a good way of education；if.... At...When...都是if的同义转换。
3、注意结合顺序原则定位。
4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考试原则句进行反推
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
A) location of echoes
B) ability to determine where an echo comes from
C) scientific term for sound waves
D) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them. and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they
had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔)into the air.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the manager
B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant
B) the manufacturer
C) the store manager
D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of
B) realize the purpose of
C) fulfill the demands of
D) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer' s complaint about a faulty item
B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
注：1.present v. 提交
2.主题句后将介绍其他不同投诉的方法
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
注：the more...the more... 比较结构，可以跟32题联系在一起。
（到此处，文章后面的题目中有4道题已经可以定位了。31题、32题、34题和35题）
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo(立体声音响)does not work."
注：1.firmly 坚决的
2.demonstrate 证明、证实
3.specific 具体的，详细的
4.as to = about
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
D) asking politely to change the item
注：B 选项 exactly =文中specific，同义改写
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the manager
B) threaten to take the matter to court
C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
注：1.A、B、C是窜段选项
2.提交保单或有力证明是文章中第一段就提到的the first step
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistant B) the manufacturer
C) the store manager D) a public organization
注：级别越高，解决问题越快
A simple and common method used by many
consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the " higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard of B) realize the purpose of
C) fulfill the demands of D) keep the promise of
注：词汇题。
1.or 前后两部分意思相近：faulty 产品有问题/不符合厂家宣称质量
2.采用代入法，将选项代替文中的 live up to ，找到符合句义的选项
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item
B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers
注：1.主题题，有效投诉
2.其他的选项都是从商场的角度，而文章是从消费者的角度来写的。
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C) the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negative B) neutral
C) critical D) positive
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
注：1.patient n. 病人，adj. 耐心的
2.第一句强烈结论：主题句
3.administration 管理
4.do well to 最好……
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
注：1.assign 分配
2.at length 长时间
3.account 纪录，账户
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
注：1.keep track with 跟踪
2.not uncommon = common
3.approach 接近，方法
4.本段讲 Beth Israel 医院医生和护士协调合作
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
注：1.self-contained 自成一体
2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分
3.shift 班次
Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
注：1.nurse-in-chief 护士长
2.首句说明护士长的地位很高
3.only出现，是考点
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
注：第三段末句，B选项 day and night，C选项 every patient，D选项 every day
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。
2.A项中的patient 为耐心的，混淆"病人"意思
3.inadequate 不完善的，B 项为文章第二句的同义改写句
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
同类型题：
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patient
B) the patient complains about the present one
C) the present one proves to be ineffective
D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
注：第三段第二句
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
注：1.倒数第二段，former 前者指代 nurse-manager，反义 latter 后者
2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negative B) neutral
C) critical D) positive
注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话
在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time
C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance
C) comfort D) suitability
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that _________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
注：1.merciless 无情的
2.第一句结论主题句
3.taken advantage of 利用；tremble 颤抖
4.fashion 时尚，时装，形势；一词多义的现象：blue 蓝色；忧郁的；社会地位比较高的妇女，blues 蓝调音乐
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
注：考得是首段第二和第三句之间的关系
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
注：1.nothing/no more than = only
2.changing fashion 改变中的时尚
3.alter 改变；afford 承担，支付
4.本段首句结论句，末句细节句
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
注：1.首句为结论句，后面开始解释
2.vital 重要的 vit 词根，意思是"重要"
VIP = very important person 重要的人
3.put up with 忍受= stand
4.末句为细节句，速读
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of money B) a waste of time
C) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity
注：通过alter 一词定位于第二段
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _________of clothing.
A) cost B) appearance
C) comfort D) suitability
注：1.place stress on 重视
2.本句为虚拟语气，说明应该是设计师没有重视而被作者批判的东西。反过来想，定位第三段第二句，考得是列举现象
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
注：1.exploitation 剥削，探索
2.A 选项为文章首句前半句的同义改写
3.B 陈述句表示确定语气，与文章中疑问句的不确定语气不同；C 项与文中意思相反，D 选项中only 绝对化语气词
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that __________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
注：1.A 和 B 都是涉及第三段内容，是窜段选项。C选项与末段Men are too clever to let themselves... 意思冲突
2.D 项为最后一段 Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 的同义改写
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spelling
B) the role of spelling in general language development
C) the complexities of the basic writing skills
D) the necessity of teaching spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefully
B) to do as teachers say
C) to use dictionaries frequently
D) to avoid using words one is not sure of
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely
B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
C) students will have more confidence in writing
D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
A) reasonable B) unfair
C) foolish D) careless
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills
B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions
D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
注：1.第一段中间出现 however, 末句为主题句
2.popular belief 普遍观点，负态度
3.ignor 忽略 = neglect = overlook, 区别是：ignor (故意) overlook ( 忽略)
4.give A priority over B 给A优先权
5.confidently 自信的
If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.
注：1.focal 关注的，名词为 focus 焦点
2.adventurous 冒险的
3.content 内容，contend 包含
4.technical ability 指的是 spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefully
B) to do as teachers say
C) to use dictionaries frequently
D) to avoid using words one is not sure of
注：文章第二段，该词出现在第一句，解释答案在第二句。考得是两句关系
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freely
B) teachers will have less trouble in correcting mistakes
C) students will have more confidence in writing
D) students will learn to be independent of teachers
注：文章第二段，B,D 选项文章未提到，可排除。定位此段末句，选择A项
I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a
sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience: "This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible (难以辨认的)." It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child's deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动力) to seek improvement.
注：1.shock 震惊
2.omit 省略
3.作者对作文评语的负评价，but 及虚拟语气可以表明作者的态度。
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is ____________.
A) reasonable B) unfair
C) foolish D) careless
注：作者持负态度，所以选择B
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spelling
B) the role of spelling in general language development
C) the complexities of the basic writing skills
D) the necessity of teaching spelling
注：文章第一段，role 对应文章中的 priority
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills
B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions
D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
注：主题题，D 选项是对主题句的同义改写
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expected B) be completed
C) be advanced D) be introduced
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient funding B) further experiments
C) advanced technology D) well-equipped laboratories
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC' s needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were increased.
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research funding
B) would make it unnecessary to import oil
C) would make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EEC
D) would provide a much greater proportion of the Community's future energy needs
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra near Milan.
注：1.provision 提供，来自 provide
2.modest 少量的，谦虚的
3.according to 之前是重点
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year 2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
注：1.with 引导从句做状语
2.achieve 获得，达到
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the
year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
注：定位在文章第二段。 window.onload = function() { $("#content_data img").each(function(){resize_img(this,570);}); }
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新东方英语四级听力30天学习笔记（2）
|
Test 8-10]
A) Looking for a young lady.
B) Looking for her wrist watch.
C) Looking for a young gentleman.
D) Looking for a man wearing a wrist watch.
W: Excuse me, sir, but have you seen a young gentleman looking for his wrist watch?
M: A young man, Madam?
Q: What's the woman doing?
[Test 9-2]
A) She doesn't need the job.
B) She hasn't got a job yet.
C) She has got a good job.
D) She is going to start work soon.
M: Congratulations! I understand you've got a job. When will you start to work?
W: You must be thinking of someone else. I'm still waiting to hear the good news.
Q: What does the woman. mean?
工作场景：
1、找到工作高兴。
2、失去工作伤心。
3、拒绝工作令人奇怪。
[Test 9-3]
A) She got home before 9 o'clock.
B) She had a bad cold.
C) She had a car accident.
D) She was delayed.
W: If it hadn't been snowing so hard, I might have been home by 9 o'clock.
M: It's too bad you didn't make it. Jane was here and she wanted to see you.
Q: What happened to the woman?
听力中的虚拟语气：
1、与过去相反：might have/ could have/ should have 把后面内容反过来为正确选项。
2、与现在相反：if I were you I would 应理解成 you should。
[Test 2-7]
A) He had to work overtime.
B) He was held up in traffic.
C) His car ran out of gas.
D) He had a traffic accident.
M: If the traffic wasn't so bad, I could have been home by 6:00.
W: What a pity! John was here to see you.
Q: What happened to the man?
语气词总结：
1、糟糕系列： 4、赞同和否定系列：
It's too bad. Yeah.
What a pity. You bet.
Tuff luck. Uh huh.
It's (really) tuff.
Oh no. Nope.
Uh uh
Shit
Fuck
2、吃惊系列： 5、脏话系列：
(Oh) Boy! dummy
(Oh) Man! idiot
Oh my! moron
Oh dear！ jerk
Oh my God/ Goodness. asshole
Wow！ s.o.b. = son of bitch
3、赞美系列：
wonderful
terrific
my favorite
cool
super cool
ultra cool
[Test 9-5]
A) A writer.
B) A teacher.
C) A reporter.
D) A student.
W: Good evening, Professor David. My name is Susan Gray. I' m with the local newspaper. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions?
M: Not at all. Go ahead, please.
Q: What is Susan Gray?
注：1. Do you mind if I ... 生活中常常省略为Mind if I ... 回答相反。
2. Not at all. 理解成no
[Test 9-9]
A) The man went to Australia during Christmas.
B) The man visited Australia during the summer vacation.
C) The man didn't have a good time because of the different weather.
D) The man remained home while his parents went to see his uncle.
W: where were you on Christmas David? I called you several times and nobody was home.
M: My parents and I traveled to Australia to visit my uncle. It was quite an experience to spend Christmas in summer.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
节日：Christmas 圣诞节；Valentine's Day 情人节
[Test 9-10]
A) To attend a party at a classmate's home.
B) To do homework with her classmate.
C) To attend an evening class.
D) To have supper out with her classmate.
M: It's seven o'clock already. Mary should be home by now.
W: Oh. I forgot to tell you that she called this afternoon and told me she was going to a par­ty at her classmate's house and wouldn't be home until 10.
Q: What did Mary say she was going to do?
健忘表达方式：
1. forgetful: He is forgetful.
Isn't he forgetfull? （有责备的语气）
How forgetful he is! （语气更强）
2. absent minded
表示人内向：
shy
embarrassed
keep to oneself
keep one's mind/ thought to oneself
conscious （stream of consciousness 意识流）
self-conscious 自我意识
[Test 10-2]
A) They're talking about nice children.
B) The man has a house for sale.
C) The woman lives in a nice house.
D) The man has three children.
W: Hi! I' m calling about the three-bedroom house you advertised in yesterday' s paper. It sounds really nice.
M: It is-especially if you have children.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
注：bedroom 卧室
living room 起居室，客厅
rest room 厕所
住房场景：
1、房子难找。
2、房子太贵。
3、房子太吵。
段子题：
词汇（很少考生词含义）
题材（抛弃题材，注重结构）
抓共性，总结规律
（一）解题步骤Procedure to follow：
1、看选项：找相同的词；找数字
在听题之前先看选项。四个选项纵向看，找相同的词，反复出现的词一定是段子所叙述的对象，确定文章的论述范围、论述主题。另外如果选项中有数字，迅速记下来，段子题中听到什么数字选什么，原则上不考数字计算。如P64 Test14的第一个段子。
11. A) She sat back and relaxed.
B) She decided to retire.
C) She entered university.
D) She worked out a new English program.
12. A) 8 years.
B) 20 years.
C) 16 years.
D) 30 years.
13. A) Bring a great deal of useful experience to the university.
B) Improve human relationships in the university.
C) Bring a fear of aging among young students on the campus.
D) Improve the reputation of the university.
14. A) She is learning English and Drama.
B) She is learning how to make sound judgments.
C) She is learning how to teach minority students.
D) She is leaning to perceive, not to judge.
文章的结构类型：
1、介绍型 introduction：介绍新的概念。说明起源、发展过程、现状、展望未来，对我们的影响和用途（正负两方面）。【听力中常考】
2、讨论型 discussion：根据问题进行讨论，分析原因一、原因二，最后说明如何解决。
3、对比型 comparison：两种观点、流派、理论进行对比，比较两种的优缺点，最后突出自己的观点。
2、听两头：选熟悉的选项。
文章的两头是一篇文章的重点，文章的开头是观点（Idea），即文章的Topic。而中间是细节，是用来支持观点的论据（examples）。听段子，听结构。文章的开头与结尾要出考题。一般正确选项基本会是原文的重现（copy）。所以，最好能作到边听边记。
结尾提示词：（1）有重复词出现。（2）表结果连词出现：therefore, so, that, as a result 等。
做题原则：听到什么选什么。
1、适合边听边看选项：选项短，问的是细节题，问题的顺序与行文顺序一致。
2、集中精力听完文章：选项长，主线题，问的是中心思想。
中间抓小词：极端词（细节题）
每个文章的题材不同，但考题有极大的共性。掌握了考题的共同特点，我们可以以不变应万变。文章可以听的不是很清楚，但几个重要的词一定要抓住。并在练习的过程中注重培养对这几个词的敏感。我们所要听的只有五个词：
First, most, because【前三个百分百出考题】, only, just 【后两个常出考题】(but).
这五个词是经典的考点。其中如果First, Most, Because出现一定要出考题。Just与Only也非常重要，基本会出考题。其实，这一点在阅读中也有非常明显的体现。听到这些词意味着找到了正确选项。
五种逻辑关系：
1、并列：and
2、转折：but
3、让步：though, although, even though, in spite of, despite
4、因果：because
5、递进：
用常识猜题：正常思维推理。
听力考试的Section A的短对话是学生生活的场景对话。问其中一人的观点，诸如：What does the man mean? 或What does the woman imply?不难发现，这样的考题是在问第三人的想法，非常主观。而相比之下，Section B的段子则截然不同，段子叙述的都是客观的事实。针对事实性的文章，我们应学会运用常识来推出正确选项。文章开头抓名词，名词概念为文章讨论的对象。如一题中问：What is the topic of this talk? 选项中找electric car。What is the advantage of the electric car over the traditional gas-fueled car? 我们不需要对段子听得很清楚就可以轻易地想出答案：没污染！比如：silk。再比如问：如果南极洲的冰帽融化，将对地球产生什么影响？What will happen if the ice cap of Antarctica melts? 我们立即会想到海平面会上升！所以，听段子时，我们需要客观冷静。有时，要跳出原文来客观地审视考题。
（二）段子题的分类及对策
1、主观题
又称态度题（Attitude）问Speaker对所叙述的对象的态度，或褒或贬。典型的问题类似：What is the speaker's impression of…?; What is the speaker's attitude to/ toward…? 段子题中一般是褒的态度。
考题特点：选项出现四个形容词。
解题方向：Speaker的态度反映在文中的形容词或副词。注重fortunately, luckily, unfortunately这样的具感情色彩的词。但凡听力中的段子，Speaker对于谈论的对象，不论是人物还是事物，都可能有双向评论。但在CET听力中，如果未能听出态度方向。只要选正态度就可以了！因为反驳的文章要比介绍性的文章复杂的多。典型的段子往往会说一个人对人类社会，或对某一团体有着伟大的贡献。或叙述某个组织，某个机构有创新性的，划时代意义的活动。
Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
15. A) Watching traditional plays.
B) Visiting the magnificent libraries.
C) Boating on the river.
D) Cycling in narrow streets.
16. A) There are many visitors there.
B) There are many students there.
C) There are many old streets there.
D) There are many bicycles there.
17. A) He thinks the city is too crowded.
B) He likes the place very much.
C) He thinks the streets are too narrow.
D) He admires the comfortable life of the students there.
Script
Cambridge is about 90 kilometers northeast of London. It is one of the most beautiful places in Britain. Everything about the city of Cambridge reminds you of its famous university: students on bicycles, the atmosphere of learning, traditions and the magnificent buildings of the 30 col­leges that are in the University of Cambridge. Most of the colleges stand on the bank of the Cam River the gentle river that flows through the heart of the city. Tourists and students like boating in a kind of flatbottom boat to see the colleges or to relax themselves. If the water traffic reminds the visitor of Venice, the road traffic is more likely to recall Beijing or Amsterdam. The streets are full of bicycles, hundreds and hundreds of them. They provide a cheap form of transport for the students and very conveniently of getting around the Cambridge' s nearer streets.
Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
15. What do tourists enjoy doing in Cambridge for relaxation?
16. Why did the road traffic in Cambridge remind one of Beijing?
17. What is the speaker's impression of Cambridge? 主观题
2、客观题
比如数字题。问及时间，多少，年代。问：When; How many...; How much? 在Section A中的数字题的对策是听到什么不选取什么，即把听到的数字在选项中要排除掉，因为Section A这部分要考察对数字的进一步运算能力。你听到的一定是原始数据，而不是最终结果（正确选项）。但是，在Section B的段子中，对策完全要反过来。即听到哪个数字就要选那个数字。段子中的数字不考运算。
考题特点：比较明显。选项都有数字（或年代，或时间等）。
解题对策：听题前第一步看选项时，如果看到数字题，把笔入在此题处，随时准备记录。听到什么，选什么。如有两个数字出现。先都记下来。在听问题时再进一步排除。
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A) The prison gates are always open.
B) Its prisoner can work outside.
C) The prison has no armed guards.
D) The prison is open to the public.
15. A) The prisoners are provided with jobs on release.
B) Its prisoners are seldom made to work overtime.
C) It is run on the principle of trusting prisoners.
D) It has no security measures.
16. A) One year.
B) Two years.
C) Thirteen years.
D) Fourteen years.
17. A) Doubtful.
B) Positive.
C) Critical.
D) Indifferent.（永远不是正确选项）
Script
In the high mountain country outside the city of Toluker, there stands a prison. This prison is quite different from other prisons in the world. The guards, except for two at the main gate, are not armed. There are many remarkable things about Toluker prison. For example, of the 15, 000 individuals who have been in prison at Toluker, less than two percent have got into trouble again with, the law. Men in the open prison are free to find work on the outside but must go back to prison each night. On weekends they are allowed to go home. When most other prisons are still sending criminals back into society, Toluker is returning people who stand on their own feet and contribute to society. In 1974, a prisoner called Barb Crook moved to the open prison. A year lat­er, he left Toluker for the last time. He was then nearly forty-six and had been in prison for fourteen years. He got a job as construction worker in the city, remarried and was regarded as a useful person of his community. If you ask Bob why Toluker works, he would say "Because they believed in me when I was at my worst."
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Why is Toluker prison called an open prison? 考开头
15. What is the essential characteristic of Toluker prison? 考结尾"Because"
16. How long did Barb Crook stay in the Toluker prison? 客观数字题
17. What is the speaker's attitude toward this type of prison? 态度方向题
注：work 起作用。同义词help；do some good；do any good。
抓客观题（数字题）
体会文章两头（主线题）
抓小词（细节题）
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. A) He lost consciousness.
B) He was slightly wounded.
C) He was seriously injured.
D) He was buried under an icebox.
19. A) About four days.
B) Around eight days.
C) A day and a half.
D) More than six days.
20. A) His father pulled him out in time.
B) He stayed in an icebox.
C) He left the area before the earthquake.
D) Their house escaped the earthquake.
Script
A six-year-old boy has been found alive after spending four days and five nights in an icebox that was buried under tons of ruins in Thursday's big earthquake.
The boy, Tom, was found early yesterday in the village of Sem as rescuers were working to pull his father out of the ruins of their home.
Hearing a faint cry of "Get me out, get me out", rescuers dug down another 1.5 meters and found the boy in the icebox. He was pronounced in a good condition, suffering only four or five slight wounds.
Tom's eight brothers and sisters died in the earthquake, which officials say may have killed as many as 50,000 people.
By Sunday foreign doctors were leaving the earthquake areas as hope had faded of finding any more survivors.
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. What happened to the boy in the earthquake?
19. How many days had passed before the boy was rescued?
20. How did the boy survive the big earthquake?
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. A) The crust.
B) The ground.
C) The plate.
D) The boundary.
12. A) Two
B) Seventy.
C) Seven.
D) Twelve.
13. A) The east coast of North America.
B) The west coast of North America.
C) The middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
D) The middle of the Pacific Ocean.
Script
The earth is composed of several layers. The top layer of the earth is called the earth' s crust. The earth' s crust is divided into seven sections. These sections are called plates.
When two plates push against each other, or when two plates rub against each other, an earthquake will occur. An earthquake causes the ground above the plate to shake. The shaking is caused by the motion of two plates.
Earthquakes are likely to happen at the boundaries of the earth's plates. Each of these plates is about 70 kilometers thick. Let's take a look at the general boundaries of one of these seven ma­jor plates.
Take the North American plate for an example. The left boundary of this plate is the west coast of North America and the east boundary of this plate is through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. That is, this plate extends from the west coast of North America to the middle of the At­lantic Ocean.
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. What is the top layer of the earth called?
12. How many major sections is the earth's crust divided into?
13. Which of the following is the left boundary of the North American plate?
注：product 工业产品（人工产物）
produce 农产品（天然产物）
地球学说：板块学说、大陆漂移说
段子题题型：
1、主观态度题（找积极态度，正面评价）
2、客观题（数字题，听到什么选什么）
3、宏观题（中心思想题）
4、细节题（注意中间的提示词）
3、宏观题
宏观题考察文章的整体思想把握，即中心思想题（Main idea/ Topic题）。一篇文章的首尾是这篇文章的灵魂，体现Speaker的观点。
考题特点：What is the passage mainly about? What is the passage talking about? What is the main idea of this talk? 等。
解题对策：对于中心思想题。我们可以从三方面来把握。
一、从选项入手。选项中出现的多次重复的词一定是中心词（Key word），正确的main idea选项应该包括，围绕这个中心词来叙述。
二、从段子入手，要特别注意文章的两头。尤其是文章的开始两个句子最重要。开头一定出考题！具体需要听的是文章开头的名词。选答案时要优先选含有该名词的选项。
三、从段子后面的问题入手。这样也可以提供中心词的线索。大多数的考题都问及的词一定就是此段的中心词。
线索词：
（1）段子开头的名词
（2）文章中间的高频词
（3）选项中有如下小词出现：development；evolution；formation；new；effect；and。
4、细节题：first；most；because；just；only
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A) They want to attract attention.
B) It is fashionable to wear such clothes.
C) They appear respectable in such clothes.
D) Riding a motorcycle makes one dirty.
15. A) It is efficient.
B) It is exciting.
C) It is convenient
D) It is dangerous.
16. A) If he always wears protective clothing.
B) If he can see everything around him clearly.
C) If he is very careful.
D) If he has a lot of defenders.
Script
Nowadays motorcycling is fast becoming one of America' s most popular sports. However, there are several things about motorcycling that the average citizen dislikes. Motorcyclists fre­quently look dirty; in fact, they are dirty. On the road there is little to protect them from mud, insects, and bird droppings. For practical reasons they often dress in old clothing which looks much less respectable than the clothing of people who ride in cars. For the same reason motorcy­clists usually wear dark colors.
Of course the danger of motorcycling also helps account for many people' s low opinion of the sport. Its defenders, however, claim that careful cyclists are in less danger than is commonly be­lieved. A cyclist must drive as if no one else on the road chase him. He must pay careful attention to his driving. From that point of view, a man on a motorcycle is safer than a man in a car.
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Why do motorcyclists often dress in old and dark clothing? 选项涉及中心词
15. What is the average citizen's opinion about motorcycling?
16. How can a motorcyclist be safer than a car driver?
注：1. bird droppings 鸟粪
2. account for 解释；占多大比例
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. A) It's good for training one's character but not good for one's health.
B) It cannot prepare pupils to be good citizens.
C) It has less effect on a child's character than sports and games.
D) It's as important as after-class activities.
19. A) Because pupils there have to spend most of the time studying.
B) Because the school authorities insist on traditional ways of teaching.
C) Because the school authorities have neglected discipline.
D) Because pupils there are too fond of playing.
20. A) Practical work.
B) Collective activities.
C) Teacher's encouragement.
D) Book knowledge.
Script
Sports and games are very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one' s country. But what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child' s character as what is learned by experience. As most of the pupils' time is spent in classes studying lessons, the ordinary day school can' t give much practical training for their lives in the future. So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that really prepares them to take their places in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team, and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. What is the speaker's opinion about learning from books?
19. Why isn't ordinary day school unable to give pupils much training for their future lives?
20. What can help to develop the child's love of his country according to the speaker?
2002年1月
Section B
Passage One (Q11-13)
11. A) Because the bird couldn't repeat his master's name.
B) Because the bird screamed all day long.
C) Because the bird uttered the wrong word.
D) Because the bird failed to say the name of town.
12. A) The cruel master.
B) The man in the kitchen.
C) The pet bird.
D) The fourth chicken.
13. A) The bird had finally understood his threat.
B) The bird managed to escape from the chicken house.
C) The bird had learned to scream back to him.
D) The bird was living peacefully with the chickens.
Script
Sports and games are very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one' s country. But what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child' s character as what is learned by experience. As most of the pupils' time is spent in classes studying lessons, the ordinary day school can' t give much practical training for their lives in the future. So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that really prepares them to take their places in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns to work for his team, and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. What is the speaker's opinion about learning from books?
19. Why isn't ordinary day school unable to give pupils much training for their future lives?
20. What can help to develop the child's love of his country according to the speaker?
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. A) For protection against other animals.
B) For protection against other dogs.
C) Just for fun.
D) For the purpose of guarding the house.
18. A) Because they did not eat other animals.
B) Because they were useful for protection.
C) Because they were good hunters.
D) Because they always obeyed their masters.
19. A) For companionship.
B) For amusement.
C) For protection against robbery.
D) For hunting.
20. A) The city can be a lonely place.
B) Life in the West can be very dangerous.
C) People in the West are fond of animals.
D) The dog is a useful and friendly animal.
Script
When you take a walk in any of the cities in the West, you often see a lot of people walking dogs. It is still true that a dog is the most useful and faithful animal in the world, but the reasons why people keep a dog have changed. In the old days people used to train dogs to protect them­selves against attacks by other beasts. And later they came to realize that a dog was not only use­ful for protection but willing to obey his master. For example, when people used dogs for hunt­ing, the dogs would not eat what was caught without permission. But now people in the city need not protect themselves against attacks of animals. Why do they keep dogs, then? Some people keep dogs to protect themselves from robbery. But the most important reason is for companion­ship. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no friends to play with. For young couples, a dog is their child when they have no children. For old couples, a dog is also their child when their real children have grown up. So the main reason why people keep dogs has changed from protection to friendship.
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. According to the passage, what were dogs trained for in the past?
18. Why were dogs used for hunting?
19. What is the most important reason for people in the city to keep dogs now?
20. What is the main idea of this passage?
细节题：注意极端词
first, most, just, only, because.
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A) They are the most attractive women in Britain.
B) They are the most popular film stars.
C) They are the first women news announcers on British television.
D) They appear almost every night in TV plays.
15. A) At 10 in the evening.
B) At 9 in the evening.
C) At 9 in the morning
D) At 10 in the morning.
16. A) People still talk a lot about it.
B) Fewer people watched Susan's programme from then on.
C) Anna's photographs appeared frequently in newspapers.
D) The number of viewers of her programme that day increased by millions.
Script
The two most famous faces in Britain today belong to two women who appear on television almost every night. If you open any popular magazine or newspaper you'll almost certainly see an article about one of them, with lots of photographs. Their names are Susan Rippon and Anna Ford. Susan reads the 9 o' clock news on BBC Television, and Anna reads the 10 o' clock news on Independent Television.
Most news announcers on British television are men, and when Susan began her job at the BBC three years ago, she was the first woman news announcer. Newspapers and magazines start­ed to take an interest in her and reporters started to write about her. Last year, Independent Television also decided to have a woman news announcer and they chose Anna Ford. Newspapers and magazines showed a great interest in her, too.
When Anna read the news for the first time on the 10 o'clock programme, millions of people who don' t normally watch the programme decided to watch it that night, to see Anna Ford.
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Why are Susan Rippon and Anna Ford very well-known in Britain?
15. When does Anna read the news on TV?
16. How do we know that Anna's first appearance on TV was also a big attraction?
选项短边听边看选项。
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. A) It is completely flat.
B) It has few rivers.
C) It has many large lakes.
D) It is hilly.
18. A) The soil has been overworked.
B) The climate is cold.
C) The weather is too dry.
D) It is hilly.
19. A) By raising cattle.
B) By working on farms.
C) By working in factories.
D) By raising sheep.
20. A) At school
B) From their parents.
C) From books.
D) In factories.
Script
New England is an area of mountains, valleys, and rivers. It is said that in New England one is always climbing hills. A large part of New England is also made up of farms and farming lands. Yet New England is not really a farming area. The farms are small. Generally they are only large enough to support one family. It also happens that the soil of New England is not good. This soil has been worked and planted for so many years that it has lost its value.
Most New Englanders today work in factories or small businesses. In these factories they make watches and clocks, shoes, clothing, special tools for industry, leather goods, etc. New England workmen are famous for their skill in making many of these things. This skill is often passed down in families from father to son.
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. What is the main feature of New England?
18. Why is New England not good for farming?
19. How do most people in New England make a living?
20. where do New Englanders learn many of their skills?
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新东方英语四级听力30天学习笔记（1）
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按照内容分为两类：
一、文科文章—两点注意：
1.文章态度
2.抓住文章主题 1）把握主题后不会偏差理解
2）与主题相关的选项为优选选项
二、理科文章
1.试验型（Study\Experiment\Research\Test）
2.科技成果型（e.g. Artificial Heart） 3.现象解释型
按照体裁分为三类：
一、 说明文 1.抓住说明对象 2.重要数据事实
二、 议论文 属于文科类文章
三、 记叙文
阅读中难点句型：
一、 多重复合句----关键抓住主句主干成分
二、 多重并列句----两个主句并列在一起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起
三、 强调句----被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语 It is that…
四、 被动句----基本结构 A is done by B
五、 倒装句----否定词 hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句子倒装
六、 省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.
建议采用的阅读方法：
一、 扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。
二、速读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。
考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，文章末句，结论、解释句），转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、倒装句），时间，数字，人名，比较。
三、定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。
题型攻略：
一、主题题 (main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary)
两种变体：1.写作目的题型 purpose of writing
2.文章标题题型 the best title
做题方法：1.找主题句
2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的词语）
二、细节题 类型：1.对错题 2.例证题 3.一般细节题
做题方法：准确定位
三、词汇题
类型：1.指代题 2.词义题
做题方法：1.根据上下文关系
2.构词法（词根词缀）
st（位置不变）:stay--stand--stationary--street--star--statue--status
pose（放置）:position-expose (ex向外: exit-export)
propose (pro向前)
suppose (sup/sub在下面: subway--submarine)
depose (de否定)
deposit (de向下)
interpose (inter: internet, international)
背单词方法
1. 词根词缀 2. 阅读记忆
3. 联想记忆 如：handsome（其中：h很，s帅，m嘛→英俊的）
morose（mo没有，rose玫瑰→郁闷的）
ancillary（an + cillary希拉里→辅助的）
四、推理题 (infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude)
正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写
五、作者态度题 (attitude-be seen as)
做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句
2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动词、副词
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies
B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations
D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'
C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'.
注：1.Oceanography 由 Ocean (海洋) 和 graphy (学科)组成，意为"海洋学"
2.application 表示"申请"用介词for,表示"应用"用介词to
3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to sea to further his work.
注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学发展的过程
2.further 跟在 to 后面是个动词，表示"推进"
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
注：1. remote 遥远的
2. and with...多重复合句
3. intercontinental 洲际的 （Inter 在之间，continent 大洲）
4. let alone 更不用说……
5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣 ，谓语是 was
6. 第二句that引导同位语从句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为"当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，人们才提出问题：海底是什么？"
7.route 路线 router 路由器
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
注：1. it was ...that...强调句型
2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请教某事
3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s
3. investigate 调查， 测量
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there
was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
注：1.not until 引导的句子要倒装
2.living growth 生物
3.a fact 作同位语
4.contemporary 当代的
5.defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'
C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.
注：oceanography 最末一段与第一段首句都出现 oceanagraphy, 回环结构。
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studies
B) for military purposes
C) for business considerations
D) for investigating the depths of the oceans
注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American Navy
B) some early intercontinental travellers
C) those who earned a living from the sea
D) the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
注：细节题。定位第四段,选项 B和C是窜段选项
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceans
B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals
C) to estimate the length of cable that was to be made
D) to measure the depths of two oceans
注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。
2.B 和 C 是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义不同。
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted' B) 'gave proof to'
C) 'challenged' D) 'agreed to'
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanography
B) the laying of the first undersea cable
C) the investigation of ocean depths
D) the early intercontinental communications
注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanography
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ____.
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
examination?
注：1.reasoning 推理
2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句
3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
4.malnutrition 中"mal"是表示"不好"的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose （判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的
2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要
3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+section
In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的) cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the
other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有"必须"含义。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning
D) the causal process
注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around
B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children
D) people how to understand and respect each other
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other
B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
D) are very much afraid of getting lost
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential
C) instructive D) authoritative
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possible
B) get into the right season and become popular
C) find one's real self
D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at（attempting to seize） one another's hands for reassurance.
注：1.rebel 背叛、反叛
2.从第一句话看出本文是文科文章，所以从态度着手，I wish it were so 说明作者是负态度。
3.should 虚拟语气，表示负态度
4.reassurance=re+assure-ance 使确信；boldly 勇敢的；strike out 开辟
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon（蚕茧）--- into a larger cocoon.
注：1.But 表明作者负态度
2.set off 开始 3.end up 结果
4.reason 用来解释前面的现象
5.把青少年从众心理比喻成蚕茧
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
注：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释
2.第二、三句 Industry... 工业广告对青少年的影响
3.第四句 And many of... 父母亲对青少年的影响
4.have come to 逐渐如何 award 奖励，鼓励； popularity 潮流，名声
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
注: 1.path 路径
2.三个 you may 举例来支持前面一句话The path is worth following.
3.Find yourself.Be yourself. 提出建议,后面句子给出原因
4.count vi.重要，vt.数
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around
B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children
D) people how to understand and respect each other
注：写作目的题型，目标读者：青少年
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other
B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
D) are very much afraid of getting lost
注：brave定位第一段boldly
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead
of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at (attempting to seize）one another's hands for reassurance.
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
注：1.与文章最后一句话相反
2.no + n. 中no 相当于not any 表示没有任何的，为绝对化语气
no + adj. 中no 表示否定
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential C) instructive D) authoritative
注：态度题，找作者直接评价语句，倒数第二段，应该是负评价。
convincing 有说服力的 authoritative 权威的
instructive 有启发性的,有教育意义的
influential 有影响的
A、C、D都属于正面评价，只有B为中性评价
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possible
B) get into the right season and become popular
C) find one's real self
D) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
注：考最后一段，作者提出的建议
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy person
B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C) he is not sure when his energy is low
D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles.
B) Familiar monologues.
C) A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A) help to keep your energy for the day's work
B) help you to control your temper early in the day
C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D) Children have energy cycles, too.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
注：1.第一句提出现象，后面跟着对现象的解释，这种解释一般是考点
2.but 转折词和 might 虚拟语气都表达作者负态度
3.最后一句话 he has proved... 主题句
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
注：1.peak 顶峰，高峰 2.forenoon 上午
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲)
and work better at your low point.
注：1.第一句话结论句，后面跟着结论的解释
2.stay up 熬夜 3.rise 起床
4.本段说明针对能量周期我们怎么做
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
注：1.Get off to a slow start 刚开始慢慢来
2.which引导定语从句其实是解释
3.本段解释慢慢来的具体动作，应该速读
4.routine 例行公事的 5.concentration 集中
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy person
B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
C) he is not sure when his energy is low
D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
注：定位第二段，新老观点混淆
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles.
B) Familiar monologues.
C) A change in a family member's energy cycle.
D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
注：定位第二段，文章条件反过来讲
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness
C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier
注：定位第三段
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won' t change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A) help to keep your energy for the day's work
B) help you to control your temper early in the day
C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work
D) keep your energy cycle under control all day
注：定位第四段
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.
B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.
C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.
D) Children have energy cycles, too.
注：排除法。
A选项对应"Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. "
B选项与"No one has discovered why this is so,..."矛盾。
C选项对应"You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. "
D选项对应第一段的末句。"He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle."
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________.
A) critical B) questioning
C) approving D) objective
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A) made to remain in the same classes
B) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studies
D) prevented from advancing.
38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's ________.
A) personal qualities and social skills
B) total personality
C) learning ability and communicative skills
D) intellectual ability
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推荐20个学习英语的网站
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如何学英语，每个人学习的方法不同，只有你自己才最清楚你驾驭语言的能力。这里介绍了一些学英语的网站，希望你每天都有一点进步。
Edunet.com
http://www.edunet.com/elt/
主题：是一个全方位的学英语作为第二语言的网站
功能：聊天室，语法讲解，练习，小测试，成语讲解
特色：特别深入地介绍了语法，听力，沟通技巧等
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
《世界日报》北美版-生活美语
http://www.chineseworld.com/publish/37_9999.r/r.htm
主题：生活化和实用化的英语网页
功能：分主题讲解英语的实用方法，还有母语非英语人士闹的语言笑话
特色：灵活生动，有许多实例
对象：英语基础教好的人士
Edunet.com
http://www.englishtown.com
主题：是目前网上最有深度的英语学习网站
功能：非常好的语法讲解，练习，和阅读材料
特色：正宗英国英语
对象：学英语人士
English-at-Home
http://www.english-at-home.com/
主题：是一个全方位的学英语作为第二语言的网站
功能：聊天室，语法讲解，练习，小测试，成语讲解
特色：特别深入地介绍了语法，听力，沟通技巧等
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
English, baby!
http://www.englishbaby.com/
主题：是一个年轻人学习交流的美国英语网站
功能：每天不同的网上课程，以美国流行文化为主题
特色：可以学到很多美国俚语和方言
对象：面向年轻人
Englishclub.net
http://www.englishclub.net/
主题：丰富齐全的商业性英文网站
功能：语法讲解，练习，参考资料，教师材料
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
Englishpage
http://www.englishpage.com/index.html
主题：针对英文基础较好的学习人士和教师的网站
功能：阅读，游戏。语法讲解，讨论等
特色：深入讲解了时态用法，每周有新课程推出，旧课程可以在存档中找到
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
The English Zone
http://members.home.net/englishzone/index.html
主题：非商业性英文学习网站
功能：语法讲解，练习，小成语讲解，英文笑话，阅读和写作
对象：学英语人士
ESL Flow
http://www.homestead.com/ESLflow/Index.html
主题：内容组织得很好的英文网站
功能：语法讲解，口语，英语对话，阅读和课程安排
特色：用流程图的方式讲解英语语法概念
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
ESL House
http://www.eslhouse.com/
主题：内容广泛，参考资料甚多
功能：大量词汇讲解，课程安排和参考资料
特色：多媒体中心可播放课程
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
ESL Partyland
http://www.eslpartyland.com/default.htm
主题：自学和互相交流
功能：75个互动式测试和15个论坛，让学生互相交流，教师可以下载课程材料
特色：互动式
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
ESL STUDY HALL
http://gwis2.circ.gwu.edu/~gwvcusas/
主题：由George Washington University的Professor Christine Meloni维护的ESL链接网页
功能：有学多学习英语的链接
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
To Learn English.com
http://www.ToLearnEnglish.com
主题：内容广泛，资源丰富，值得一看
功能：聊天室，语法讲解，练习，小测试，图片，论坛
特色：做完练习可以得到评语，老师可以在线制作试题
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
LinguaCenter Home Page
http://deil.lang.uiuc.edu/
主题：包括了网上学英语的一些最基本的内容
功能：语法讲解，练习，互动式3听力训练，笔友交换，教师参考
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
Longman English Language Teaching
http://www.longman-elt.com/index.html
主题：为中国朋友所熟知的朗曼英语教学方法
功能：测试，专题文章，链接，小窍门
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
Parlo - Language, Culture, Life
http://www.parlo.com/index.asp
主题：学语言的网站
功能：对语言结构，国际文化作出探讨
特色：教你怎样学语言，而不仅是英语
对象：ESL教师和学英语人士
Peak English
http://www.peakenglish.com
主题：在线的远程英语学习网站 功能：词汇，阅读，听力(用REALAUDIO)，语法课程，
特色：所教英语是用于美国的
对象：学英语人士
Schmooze University
http://schmooze.hunter.cuny.edu:8888/
主题：英语学习个网站，可以一对一或分小组进行对话
功能：在线字典，语言游戏，USENET
对象：学英语人士
Tower of English
http://members.tripod.com/~towerofenglish/index.htm
主题：非常友好的英文学习网站
功能：设计专业的网站，大量的有用资源
对象：学英语人士
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引用 <新东方英语学习笔记>---30天英语四级90分之词汇篇
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成绩90分以上需要背4200个单词 成绩70－80分需要背457个单词
单词的重考率极高，比如：available（四级最爱） constrain（六级永陪词汇）
主考时态：容易成为答案的时态
1、过去完成时2、将来完成时3、完成进行时
课程安排：
1. 摸底，讲单词2. 时态，非谓语动词3. 虚拟语气4. 倒装，主谓一致5. 从句6. 综合串讲
长得像的选项有一个是答案
[P56-24]Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.
A) conservative B) content C) confident D) generous注：押头韵去除D。
[P56-29]By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.
A) accurate B) urgent C) excessive D) adequate注：押尾韵去除C。
摸底[P56-Unit 17]
21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _______it.
A) postpone B) refuse C) delay D) cancel注：postpone 推迟 refuse 拒绝 delay 推迟，拖延 cancel 取消
22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _______ you need.
A) all the information B) all the informationsC) all of information D) all of the informations注：1. information 不可数名词 2. all of 表示of 中的全部，所以后面名词一定要有明确的范围，必须加以限定。而all 没有这个要求。
23. Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.
A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived注：1. not until 句型 2. 过去完成时与一般过去时成对使用
24. Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.
A) conservative B) content C) confident D) generous 注：conservative 保守的 content 满足；内容 confident 自信的 generous 慷慨的
25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is _______.A) granted B) implied C) exaggerated D) remedied注：exaggerated 夸大的
26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A) unrecorded B) to be unrecorded C) unrecording D) to have been unrecorded
27. I have no objection _______ your story again.
A) to hear B) to hearing C) to having heard D) to have heard注：object to doing 反对。其中 to为介词。动词跟介词，则相应的名词形式也跟介词
28. The clothes a person wears may express his _______ or social position.
A) curiosity B) status C) determination D) significance注：status 地位，身份
29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind .A) accurate B) urgent C) excessive D) adequate注：adequate 足够的
30. You will see this product _______ wherever you go.
A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
31. The early pioneers had to _______ many hardships to settle on the new land.
A) go along with B) go back on C) go through D) go into注：1. go through 经历困难而完成 congratulation（对新郎）best wishes（对新娘）
2. go along with 陪伴
3. go back on 违背，背弃
4. go into 谈论，谈及
32. The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.
A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present注：should 省略虚拟
33. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.
A) whose B) which C) that D) what
34. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.
A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stopped注：suggest doing 建议做...
35. I didn't know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.
A) look out B) make out C) refer to D) go over注：refer to 查字典
36. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base注：on which to do 介词+which+to do 结构相当于定语从句
37. There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A) that B) which C) in which D) whose 注：同位语从句
38. I think I was at school, _______ I was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.
A) or else B) and then C) or so D) even so 注：or else 否则要不然
39. It is said that the math teacher seems _______ towards bright students.
A) partial B) beneficial C) preferable D) liable注：partial 偏袒的
40. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _______ trouble over the figures.A) extensive B) spare C) extra D) supreme注：extra 额外的
41. --"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
--"I'm sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone注：主考时态：将来完成时，过去完成时
42. You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow
C) couldn't have been following D) shouldn't have been following注：本不应该
43. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows注：主谓一致，复杂主语中心词是growth，谓语动词用单数。
44. Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined 注：assemble （人群的）聚集
45. Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.
A) include B) involve C) containD) comprise注：involve doing = need doing 需要
46. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.A) with which B) for which C) of whichD) which注：of which 其中
47. In the _______ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.A) face B) time C) even tD) course 注：in the event of 万一
48. The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work注：would rather 加一般过去时表示虚拟。
49. _______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A) Although much he likes her B) Much although he likes her
C) As he likes her much D) Much as he likes her
50. The British constitution is _______ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.
A) within B) to C) by D) at
单词记忆举例：
Ivy 常春藤 gazelle 瞪羚vigor 精力naive 天真的quaint 古怪的 acquaint 使熟悉
背单词的方法：
1、 谐音联想记忆法：
ambition 野心 ambitious野心勃勃的 ponderous沉重的，笨重的 sneer嘲笑,讥笑
exhaust 使精疲力尽 nuisance 讨厌的人 bruise 瘀伤brutal 残忍的curse 诅咒
2、近形对照法：
adapt 适应；adopt 采纳；收养adept 有技巧的；熟练的
coast 海岸线（ocean 海洋）; roast 烧，烤; boast 吹嘘; toast 干杯
2、 形象联想法：
look 看；loom 若隐若现；liberty 自由；blush 脸红；amorous 好色的；morose 郁闷的；mortal 必死的；mental 智力的，精神的
记忆类型：1、视觉型：不断的重复 2、听觉型：自己录自己的讲解，不断的听
3、混合型：记情节，细节
爱情三部曲I：apply 申请 approve 批准 appreciate 感激 attention 注意attract 吸引 arrange 安排 appointment 约会
[P52-42]Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors every year.
A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement注：tourist attraction 旅游胜地
[P52-70]Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply ______.
A) appreciated B) approved C) appealed D) applied注：appeal 上诉 subject to 屈从于，使服从 summit 峰会
高频成为答案词汇：
爱情三部曲
apply 申请 approve 批准 appreciate 感激 attention 注意 attract 吸引
arrange 安排 appointment 约会 engagement 约会
in that = because now that = since regardless of 不管，不顾 in terms of 根据
object to 反对（to为介词） bargain v. 讨价还价；n. 便宜货 pace 节奏
available 可获得的，可得到的 （Are you available? 你是否有时间？）
[P1-42]There were no tickets ______ for Friday's performance.
A) preferable B) considerable C) possible D) available注：1. preferable 喜欢的，更好的 2. considerable 相当多的，大量的；
considerate 体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的
[P3-62]______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A) For now B) Now that C) Ever since D) By now
[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.
A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objected to have D) were objected to having注：objected to doing
[P6-56]Many people complain of the rapid ______ of modern life.
A) rate B) speed C) pace D) growth
[P13-58]Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume.
A) with that B) for that C) in that D) at that
[P15-34]Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ____ the color of his skin
.A) regardless of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) with the exception of注：1. in the light of 根据
2. by virtue of 借助于，依靠，由于 3. with the exception of 除了
[P17-57]______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A) For B) Since C) Now D) Despite
[P23-59]He decided to make further improvements on the computer's design _________ the light of the requirements of customers.
A) an B) for C) in D) with
[P27-43]It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _________ knowledge.A) extensive B) expansive C) intensive D) expensive注：通过押头韵排除C，通过押尾韵排除B
重要的词性：
1、动词和名词：名词是动作的发出者或承受者。
2、形容词和名词：形容词修饰名词。
I love a beautiful girl.
3、副词：副词修饰形容词；副词修饰动词；副词修饰副词。
I love a very beautiful girl.
I always love a very beautiful girl.
Not surprisingly, I always love a very beautiful girl.
猪八戒的五大特征：
1. vigorous 精力充沛的
2. glimpse 一瞥
love at the first glimpse 一见钟情
view 风景（不可数） a room with view《看得见风景的房间》；视野 come into view 走进视野
glance 一瞥
gaze 凝视，尤指感兴趣的看（gazelle 瞪羚）
peep 偷窥
3. considerate 体贴的；
considerable 相当多的，大量的；
4. consistent 一致的，和谐的；
5. be liable for 对……负责
动词：谓语动词有且只有一个。如果再出现动词只能以非谓语形式存在：-ing, -ed, to do
To get a high score, we have to study hard.
I came in, followed by two dogs.
Seeing is believing.
口诀： 谓语非谓经常混 谓语句中就一个
其余动词非谓语 非谓形式有三种
-ing, -ed 和to do 现在分词表主动
过去分词表被动 目的要用不定式
主宾要用动名词
一、谓语动词常考点：时态、语态、情态、倒装、主谓一致
二、谓语动词的时态（共有16 种）：
时间：过去、现在、将来、过将（虚拟）
状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行
三、四级考试中主要考的三个时态：过去完成时、将来完成时、完成进行时
1、过去完成时：到过去某个点为止所完成的动作；在过去发生了两个动作，先过去完成时后一般过去时。
过去完成时与一般过去时常常成对出现。
[P2-53]We _________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A) just have had B) have just had C) just had D) had just had
[P28-25]Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _________ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
A) would be B) has been C) had been D) would have been注：时态题，A和D是虚拟语气，应排除。过去完成时所以选C。
A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches.
A) had come B) coming C) come D) that came注：1. because 从句缺谓语
2. 两个逗号中间的found on his clothes 是插入成分
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion. A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably注：1. peculiarly 奇怪地 2. indifferently 冷漠地 3. inevitably 不可避免地
Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker. A) batteries B) bargains C) baskets D) barrels
[P56-23]Not until the game had begun_______ at the sports ground.
A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived注：Not until 连词，标明从句。主句倒装，从句不倒装。
Not until the vacation had begun did I pay tuition.
Not until I had met Lily did I realize the importance of English.
Not until I had met Lily did I realize that learning English is so easy.
2、将来完成时：到将来某个点为止所完成的动作。
We'll have learned 3000 words by the end of this year.
by then 到那个时候
[P8-45]By the end of this month, we surely _________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A) have found B) will be finding C) will have found D) are finding
[P8-49]Not _________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A) obviously B) surprisingly C) particularly D) normally
[P26-39]
It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _________ by about 10%.A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising注：rise to 上升到 rise by 上升了
[P54-55]Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.A) by B) for C) to D) in
[P54-54]It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A) consistent B) continuous C) considerate D) continual注：continuous 连续不断的 considerate 体贴的 continual 时断时续的，断断续续的
[P54-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ______ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.
A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that 注：in that 因为
[P26-34]We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _________ view.
A) from B) in C) before D) into
[P25-29]Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _________ through the window.
A) vision B) look C) picture D) view
[P24-66]I have no objection _________ the evening with them.
A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending
[P43-47]My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _________ by then. A) would leave B) will have left C) has left D) had left注：时间状语从句，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
[P43-51]All flights _________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A) had been canceled B) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled注：because of 介词，此句为单句，谓语动词有一个，所以选非谓语动词。独立主格
[P43-53]Remember that customers don't _________ about prices in that city.
A) debate B) consult C) dispute D) bargain 注：1. bargain 讨价还价 2. debate 辩论，争论 3. consult 咨询4. dispute 辩论,争吵 dispute over
[P45-42]By the end of the year all but two people _________.
A) have left B) will leave C) will be leaving D) will have left
[P45-70]Our journey was slow because the train stopped _________ at different villages
.A) unceasingly B) gradually C) continuously D) continually注：1. journey 旅行2. unceasingly 不停地，连续不断地3. gradually 逐渐地
4. continuously 连续不断地 5. continually 时断时续地，断断续续地
[P44-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that
[P66-41]By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London.
A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left
[P63-31]By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ______ here for two days.
A) will have stayed B) shall stay C) have been staying D) have stayed
3、完成进行时：更加强调时间性。
现在完成进行时为例：They have been standing there for 3 days.
[P16-45]It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) has been leaking C) leaked D) is leaking
非谓语动词三大类：分词、动名词、不定式
分词常考题型：做状语、做定语
分词作状语形式： ，主谓宾
不管谓语和宾语，只看主语能不能做这件事。
分词作状语题型，不定式不是答案。
永远不是答案的形式：having +v-ed, been+ v-ed, be+ v-ed
过去分词强调被动状态，现在分词强调主动进行。
例：_____, I am listening to the music.
A) Standing by Mr. LiuB) Stood by Mr.Liu注：看主语能不能发出这个动作，还是动作的承受者来选择是-ing还是-ed
[P11-43] No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A) performed B) performing C) to be performed D) being performed
注："空格+逗号+主谓宾"表示分词作状语。
现在分词的常见形式：
1. 一般式：v-ing 与谓语动词同步发生。
2. being+ v-ed 表示正在被做。
3. having +ed 表示动作发生谓语动词之前。（在四级考试中不是正确答案）
Having destroyed their house, they lived in a cave
[P29-22] ___ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed注：分词作状语题型。
[P57-68] ___ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
注：分词作状语题型，A和D选项首先排除，situation和look是被动关系，所以选C
[P57-69] A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough ______ .
A) nuisance B) trouble C) worry D) anxiety注：nuisance 讨厌的人
单词记忆：
exhaust 使精疲力尽 sting 蜇，咬 bruise 瘀伤 black and blue 青一块，紫一块，遍体鳞伤的
brutal 残忍的 kagroo 袋鼠 cougar 美洲狮 ignore 忽视 ignorant 无知的
ignorance 无知 ambition 雄心，野心 sneer 轻视，蔑视
独立主格结构：1、名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词
2、在句中作状语
3、分词的一种，也有分词的几种事时态
4、with/ without复合结构
P41-49] All things _________, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered
注：分词题型中 having +ed 都不要考虑
P6-58]The speaker, _________ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience .A) having known B) being known C) knowing D) known注：having + v-ed做定语和状语都不会是答案
[P22-44]Homework _________ on time will lead to better grades.
A) done B) be done C) having done D) to have been done
[P22-45]The speech _________, a lively discussion started.
A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered注：1. 考的是过去式独立主格结构。
2. 按时间顺序，先讲座后讨论，所以选D。
[P37-36]As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.
A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had
[P44-48]The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly.
A) being concerned B) concerned C) be concerned D) concerning注：1. which he made定语从句本身不是划线的内容的话，可以将其去掉不考虑。
2. concerning 为介词，关于。相当于 about/ over（国外常用）； concerning/ as to（国内考试用）。
3. bother 打扰；brother 兄弟
fiend 魔鬼；friend 朋友
动名词：动作性的名词
1、是名词，可作主语和宾语。
2、两种形式：-ing 形式表示主动Seeing is believing；being + v-ed 表被动 being exposed to。
3、前面可有动作的发出者，即带主语（宾格/所有格）I remember him offering.
4、后面可有动作的承受者，即带宾词 Starving troops is necessary.
5、动名词作主语时谓语动词一定要用单数。
6、动名词的否定前面直接加not。
口诀：动名词功能多 能做主能做宾
主动形式-ing 被动形式being done
可带宾可加主 主为宾格所有格
[P8-44]
After _________ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.
A) being interviewed B) interviewed C) interviewing D) having interviewed
注：介词后缺宾语，应为被动形式。
[P44-45]
_________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated
C) The girl's being educated D) The girl to be educated
需要接动名词的动词：
COMPARE: consider object to mind prevent/ permit avoid risk enjoy
MISTAKE: miss imagine suggest tolerate appreciate keep escape
[P5-49]The teacher doesn't permit _________ in class.
A) smoke B) to smoke C) smoking D) to have a smoke
[P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.
A) to be invited B) to have invited C) having invited D) being invited
[P8-41]
Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her examination.
A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared注：be busy doing
[P11-42]Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) being fined D) to be fined
[P11-41]I would appreciate ______ it a secret.
A) you to keep B) your keeping C) that you keep D) that you will keep
[P18-58]The man in the corner confessed to _________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A) have told B) having told C) being told D) be told 注：1. to 在这里是介词。（having+v-ed唯一正确的一次）
2. to 作介词的词组：object to, look forward to 等
[P19-48]
It's no use _________me not to worry.
A) you tell B) your telling C) for you to have told D) having told注：固定句型 It's no use doing. 做什么事情是没有用的
[P20-55]They are considering _________before the prices go up.
A) of buying the house B) with buying the house C) buying the house D) to buy the house
[P20-59]He went ahead _________ all warnings about the danger of his mission.
A) in case of B) because of C) regardless of D) prior to注: 1. go ahead 继续
2. mission 任务
[P20-65]
None of the servants were _________ when Mr. smith wanted to send a message.
A) available
B) approachable
C) attainable
D) applicable
不定式的常考形式：作定语，作状语
1、作状语表目的 To become a teacher, you must have a master degree.
2、定语表示将要做，分词作定语表示已完成。the surface to be glued （即将被粘好的）/ the surface glued（已经被粘好的）
3、不定式的省略，如 help，使役动词 have，感观动词 see。
口诀：一个感觉 feel
两个听 hear/ listen to
三个让 have/ make/ get/ let（听力中）
四个看 notice/ watch/ observe/ see
半个 help 两均可
被动以后 to 还原
[P19-53]My sister's professor had her _________ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.
A) rewritten B) to rewrite C) rewrite D) rewriting
注：have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
[P20-54]
Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _________ it closely.
A) followed B) following C) to follow D) being followed
注：1. 独立主格结构
2. 两个名词之间用-ing形式
3. 自然现象用主动形式
[P28-42]Don't get your schedule _________; stay with us in this class.
A) to change B) changing C) changed D) change
[P38-44]They are going to have the technician _________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed
注：1. 主动才能带宾语，have sb. do sth. 结构。
2. technician 技术工人
[P50-67]In Australia the Asians make their influence _________ in businesses large and small.
A) felling B) feel C) felt D) to be felt
[P50-42]I'm very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion.
A) interfered B) offended C) impressed D) bothered
注：1. interfer 干涉，干扰 2. offend 冒犯 3. impress 印象；express 表达 4. bother 打扰
[P51-46]I have heard both teachers and students _______ well of him.
A) to speak B) spoken C) to have spoken D) speak
[P51-52]William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion.
A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably
注: peculiarly 奇特的
[P58-30]You will see this product _______ wherever you go.
A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
[P63-16]They noticed a crowd of people in front of the Madeleine _____.
A) shouting and cheering B) to shout and cheer
C) to be shouting and cheering D) being shouted and cheered
[P2-55]The children went there to watch the iron tower _______
A) to erect B) be erected C) erecting D) being erected
加不定式与doing含义不一样的动词
FROGS:forget remember/ regret go on stop
+ doing 表示已做的事情 + to do 表示没做的事情
[P10-62]I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A) once offering B) him once offering C) him to offer D) to offer him
[P27-40]If I had remembered ______ the window, the thief would not have got in.
A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed
应该类的虚拟语气
1、应该做的事情 I should go!
2、非现实情况的描述 I should be working now!
3、懊悔不已的事情 I should have practiced more.
4、要求类动词后需要用虚拟语气，should 可以省略
如：require 命令；request 要求；reticent 沉默的；retinue 随从 innocent 无辜的；天真的 I drop CAPS: insist, demmand/ desire require/ request order propose
command advice prefer s uggest
[P60-42]You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't followC) couldn't have been followingD) shouldn't have been following
[P59-32]The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.
A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present
注：suggest + that 虚拟语气表建议should 可以省略suggest doing suggest 表明，不接虚拟
[P49-65]The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _________ after 11:00p.m.
A) not to play loud music B) shouldn't play loud music
C) don't play loud music D) couldn't play loud music
[P18-43]He suggested _________ to tomorrow's exhibition together.
A) us to go B) we went C) we shall go D) we go
[P17-55]I don't think it advisable that Tim _________ to the job since he has no experience.
A) be assignedB) will be assignedC) is assignedD) has been assigned
[P12-44]It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.A) not be started B) will not be started C) is not started D) is not to be started
[P26-28]It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _________ after 11 o'clock at night.A) were not playedB) not to playC) not be playedD) did not play
It is + adj. + that 句型，should 可以省略的虚拟。
adj.important necessary essential incredible strange naturalpity
ashame no wander
与事实相反类的虚拟
1、与现在事实相反：用一般过去时（系动词用were）
I wish I were not here.
2、与过去事实相反：用过去完成时
I wish I had passed CET-4.
I wish I could have passed CET-4. (非正式表达方式）
[P56-58]Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place .
A) be living B) were living C) would live D) would have lived
[P56-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.
A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that
[P56-57]He is ______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.
A) optimistic B) optional C) outstanding D) obvious
注：1. optimistic 乐观的2. optional 可选择的3. outstanding 突出的
[P56-64]It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible.
A) must be sent B) will be sent C) are sent D) be sent注：It is + adj. +that 句型。
[P11-70]Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _________ your advice.
A) follow B) had followed C) would follow D) have followed
注：表示与过去事实相反。
[P12-45]I wish I _________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A) have slept B) slept C) might have slept D) could have slept
注：表示与过去事实相反。
3、对将来事实可能出现的现象的否定推测，用虚拟语气。
I wish you couldn't smoke any more.
would/ could/ should/ might + v.
用be to 表示将来，虚拟语气中经常出现were to do（考点）
I am to go shopping. ---I were to go shopping.
If only I were to go shopping.
[P35-47]If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A) approve B) will approve C) can approve D) would approve
虚拟条件句
定义：在一个与事实相反的条件的基础之上所得出的应该的亦或是可能的结论。
虚拟条件句的结构：与事实相反类（条件）＋ 应该类（结论）
这两个部分没有必然而直接的联系，在解题时先看结论再看条件。
If Mr. Wang hadn't cultivated me, I shouldn't be working now.
同义词辨析：tame 驯化 breed 繁殖 raise 抚养 cultivate 培养
结论部分：would/ could/ should/ might + 虚拟
规律：如果把空格划在条件部分，一定要选择 were to；
如果把空格划在结论部分，有could/ would/ should/ might +have +v.-ed 为正确答案。
有时一些介词也可以表示条件：In your position I would kill myself. = If I were in your position...
此类词有：otherwise/ but for/ without/ with
虚拟语气中 If 可以省略，但是句序要变，If I were you... 改为Were I you...
[P34-34]________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A) Had they arrivedB) Would they arriveC) Were they arrivingD) Were they to arrive
[P34-33]Last year the advertising rate ________ by 20 percent.
A) raised B) aroused C) arose D) rose
[P16-42]
Had he worked harder, he _________ the exams.
A) must have got throughB) could get through C) would get throughD) would have got through
注：条件部分省略了if 用了倒装。
[P28-44]Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A) has to ge tB) were to get C) had got D) could have got
[P31-42]_________ right now, she would get there on Sunday.
A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left
[P12-46]We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.
A) had telephoned B) must have telephoned C) would telephon D) would have telephoned
[P12-52]_____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.A) Until B) Before C) From D) Since注：not... until... 的句型。
[P13-58]Liquids are like solids _________ they have a definite volume.
A) with that B) for that C) in that D) at that
[P2-51]He must have had an accident, or he _________ then.
A) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be here注：1. must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测 2. or 表否定
[P2-52]It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline.
A) must be sent B) would be sent C) be sent D) were sent
[P3-62]_____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work..
A) For now B) Now that C) Ever sine D) By now
注：1. for now 眼下，目前 2. now that 既然 3. ever since 自从以来 4. by now 至今为止
特殊句型：
1. would rather 加宾从时用一般过去时表示虚拟。
I would rather you didn't appear in my life.
联想单词记忆: Cupid 丘比特 Venus 维纳斯；金星 volcano 火山
Mars 战神 Apollo 阿波罗，太阳神 Diana 月亮女神
meander 蜿蜒而流 laurel 月桂树，桂冠 cupidity 贪婪
avenue 林荫大 revenue 收入，税入 adamant 坚强的
Adam's apple 喉结
2. would rather 加动词（原形）时表示宁愿，相当于情态动词。
I would rather stay here .
3. would rather 与 than 搭配。
I would rather stay here than go home.
4. It is time... 句型，用一般过去时表虚拟语气。
It is time you picked up a girl.
[P45-57]"You are very selfish. It's high time you _________ that you are not the most important person in the world, " Edgar said to his boss angrily.
A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize
[P45-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that
[P45-60]If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _________ now.
A) wouldn't be smiling B) couldn't have smiled C) won't smile D) didn't smile
注：混合虚拟语气
首先判断是否是虚拟语气；如果是虚拟语气的话，见到now就是混合虚拟语气
[P41-48]I'd rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.
A) don't B) wouldn't C) didn't D) shouldn't
[P41-53]If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _____.
A) does B) has done C) will do D) would do
注：在条件句中在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
[P39-59]You don't have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _______ on business first.
A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone
[P31-43]It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it's about time ________?
A) we are going home B) we go home C) we went home D) we can go home
[P24-61]To be frank, I'd rather you ________ in the case.
A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved
[P24-66]
I have no objection ________ the evening with them.
A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending
[P14-70]It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.
A) tendB) cultivate C) tame D) breed
注：tend to 打算做某事 tend 照料 bar tender 调酒师
bargain 讨价还价，便宜货 (some bargains) bar 酒吧，棍子
embarrass 尴尬 ass 屁股，驴子，笨蛋 donkey 驴
barbarian 野蛮人 barren 贫瘠的 assassin 暗杀者
[P14-69]A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.A) rise B) arise C) raise D) arous
爱情三步曲II：
今天又是一个Friday，俺无事可做idleness，人也很lazy，
班长inform（通知）我，说今晚有个party，
一想到晚会上会assemble（无数）lady，心里感到阵阵(burst) happy，
今晚上帝对俺特别的mercy（仁慈），在墙角居然坐着个fairy（仙女），
lonely（孤单的）的眼神，迷人的appearance（外表），
给俺留下很深的impression（印象），
俺决定把握住这次opportunity（机会），【Opportunity knocks only once.】
于是上前说：Hi, baby! 她看也不看就说busy，眼神中透露出indifferently（冷漠），
于是俺说：俺多少也算是个celebrity（名人），
这一招果然effective（有效），她抬起眼看了看说really?
于是我摆了个pose说：你看我像不像Snoopy?
她说：切！那我就是lovely kitty。
笑容也变得sunny（阳光的），就这样我认识了我的honey，
这个故事听起来像fantasy（幻想，白日梦）
一致关系：
结构一致
平行并列结构是由平行结构的连接词连接两个或两个以上对等的对象构成的。
SOFTEN 原则：Smile, Open, Forward, Touch, Eye contact, Nod
平行结构标志词 FANOYERMB：for, and, as well as, not...but, not only... but also, neither... nor, other than, yet, either... or, rather than, more than, but
I have nothing to do but call the police.
平行结构的原则：形式对称
[P5-50]I like watching TV _________ to the cinema.
A) more than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go
[P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.
A) to be invited B) to have invited C) having invited D) being invited
[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard court.
A) objected to having B) were objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to having
[P8-47]Having no money but _______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A) not to want anyoneB) not wanting anyoneC) wanted no oneD) to want no one
[P8-46]Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _______ any further responsibilities.
A) take on B) get on C) put up D) look up
注：1. take on 承担；流行 2. get on 上车 g et into 钻进车里 3. put up 建立
[P8-41]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her examination.A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared
[P9-48]We desire that the tour leader _______ us immediately of any change in plans.
A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed
[P9-55]In the course of a day students do far more than just _______ classes.
A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending
[P9-53]Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _________ harm them.
A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better than
注：1. rather than 而不是2 . more than 胜过 3. better than 比……好
[P23-54]Not that John doesn't want to help you, _______ it's beyond his power.
A) but that B) for that C) and that D) in that
注：1. 考的是not... but... 平行结构。2. beyond 超越 beyond one's imagination 超乎想象
[P25-67]Realizing that he hadn't enough money and _______ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.
A) not wanted B) not to want C) not wanting D) wanting not
代词指代一致：
one... another... one... the other... some... others... one... the others...
any 任何（共性） each 每个（个性）
[P19-44]No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _____.A) the other B) any other C) another rD) other 注：neither 两者都不
P19-49]
I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets.
A) both B) neither C) either D) none
注：common sense 常识 nonsense 胡说，谦虚地说
[P1-45____student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.
A) Each B) Any C) Either D) One
[P1-42]There were no tickets _________for Friday's performance.
A) preferable B) considerable C) possible D) available
注：1. preferable 更好的，更可取的具有比较意义的形容词要求和 to 来搭配，如 superior, senior, junior, inferior, A is sencond only to B
2. considerable 相当多的，大量的
[P15-31]The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ________ chemist's.
A) each B) some C) any D) certain
[P15-34]
Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of his skin.A) regardless of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) with the exception of
注：1. in the light of 根据 2. by virtue of 借助，由于 3. with the exception of 除了，相当于 other than
[P31-39]All the students in this class passed the English exam _________ the exception of Li Ming. A) on B) in C) for D) with
P31-40]Young adults _________ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.
A) other than B) more than C) less than D) rather than
注：rather than 而不是
[P4-41]We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have ________ one this month.A) another rB) more C) the other D) other
[P4-68]
A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A) working out B) having worked out C) having been worked outD) to have been worked out
注：非谓语动词题型，句首出现名词为独立主格结构。
定语从句引导词：关系代词
1. which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代词/序数词/最, 高级时用that。
2. which 用在非限制定语从句（有逗号），如：
He always changed his mind, which makes me angry.
3. as 也可以引导非限制定语从句。
as与which 的区别：
1) which只能用在句子中间和后边，而as可用在句首和句尾。
As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.
2) as 搭配：same as/ such as the same watch as you have
[P1-43]It wasn't such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A) that B) which C) as D) what
[P11-67]___ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A) That B) Which C) As D) It
[P42-58]The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is often the case in other countries.
A) as B) what C) so D) that
[P63-17]We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable.
A) in which B) which C) where D) that
[P3-60]The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A) after which B) for which C) with which D) at which
注：1. fight for 为……而奋斗 2. fight with 与谁打架
[P3-56]The engine _______ smoke and steam.
A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off
注：1. gives up 放弃 2. gives in 屈服
3. gives away 走漏风声，赠送 4. gives off 释放
[P3-57]
The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on.
A) to be informed B) on informing C) informed D) informing
[P42-62]We need a chairman _________.
A) for whom everyone has confidence B) in whom everyone has confidence
C) who everyone has confidence of D) whom everyone has confidence on
注：have confidence in 对……有信心
[P60-46]
Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the least.
A) with which B) for which C) of which D) which
注： 1. of which 其中
2. On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least（最重要的）
3. face something = be faced with
4. 依照原句型造句：
Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words is not the least.
Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least
[P64-24]This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while.
A) that B) it C) which D) what
注：作为介词宾语用which不能用that，但in that 除外
介词 + which + to do 其功能相当于定语从句。
The key with which to open the door has been lost.
[P59-36]
The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.A) to be based on B) to base on C) which to base on D) on which to base
注： fici- 做 sufficient 足够的 deficient 缺乏的 efficient 有效的（效率）
effect 有效（结果） proficient 熟练的 bene- 好 beneficial 有益benediction 祝福
[P12-50]You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent.
A) there B) them C) where D) which
[P13-59]
When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.
A) broke off B) broke down C) broke out D) broke up
注：1. break off 断裂（部分从整体上下来） 2. break up 打碎 3. break out 爆发
主谓一致
从句/ 不定式/ 动名词做主语，谓语是单数。
Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
You got 100 is a mystery to me.
从句在句子中做什么功能即为什么从句。
1、主语从句：
（1）主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。
（2）主语从句的引导词：how, why, whether, that,what（引导的缺主语或缺宾语的从句）[P7-69]How close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the children. A) have B) has C) having D) to have
[P13-55]
In some countries, _________ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.A) which B) one C) that D) what
2、定语从句主谓一致：取决于其先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词）
3、随前一致：以前面的名词为准。
A with B 取决于A as well as including with together with accompanied by
4、随后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v. 与B一致
5、就近原则：以靠近的名词为准。
n1 or n2 +v. either n1 or n2 +v.
6、A and B 结构：
（1）A and B 指同一个东西，是单数。
a lawyer and teacher law and order 法律法规
war and peace 战争与和平 bread and butter 基本生活必须品
butterfly 蝴蝶 To love and to be loved 爱与被爱
2）A and B 所指不同，是复数。 a lawyer and a teacher air and water
7、时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。 Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
8、百分比结构：取决于后面的名词。
of+n.+v.（由of后的n.决定） one+persent majority minority
9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n. or two/ every n1. and n2. 谓语动词都是单数。
10、The+adj. 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。 The rich are always ridiculous.
[P42-63]Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access
[P43-70]The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.A) in which B) for whom C) with which D) of whom
百分比结构取决于后面的名词。
n1. of n2. 取决于n1.（非百分比结构）
[P60-43]
The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows
[P60-42]
You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A)shouldn't follow B) mustn't follow
C) couldn't have been following D)shouldn't have been following
[P60-41]
--"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
--"I'm sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone B) had gone C) would have gone D) has gone
[P60-44]Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A) assembled B) accumulated C) piled D) joined
[P60-45]Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.
A) include B) involve C) contain D) comprise
注：involve doing 表示要求做
[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work
[P54-41]She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ______ too long.
A) has been reading B) had read C) is reading D) read
[P54-42]
Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year.
A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement
[P54-43]I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A) you to delay making B) your delaying makingC) your delaying to make D) you delay to make
[P54-44]The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor. A) alter B) shift C) transfer D) vary
注：1. alter 细微的改变
2. shift 本质上的转变，性质上的转变
3. transfer 转学；调任工作 transform 改变 transport 运输 passport 护照
transplant 移植 transmit （疾病/广播电视节目/文化/语言的）传播 emit 释放
omit 省略
4. vary 差异 vary between/ throughout/ from A to B
[P43-41]A person's calorie requirements vary ________ his life.
A) across B) throughout C) over D) within
[P37-42]Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.A) for which B) to which C) of which D) in which
[P37-43]Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players' personal equipment and uniforms?
A) in place of B) in terms of C) by means of D) by way of
注：in terms of 根据
[P30-29]Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from face to face.A) change B) vary C) alter D) convert
注：convert （宗教信仰的）改变
[P54-45]Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ______ in Cuba.
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating
[P54-46]The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes. A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
注：seat sb. 给某人安排座位
[P55-47]This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.
A) is worn B) wears C) wearing D) are worn
注：感观动词用主动
[P55-48]Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.
A) transplanted B) transformed C) transported D) transmitted
[P55-49]Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early?
A) go B) went C) would go D) goes
coincidence （时间；空间）巧合 意见的）一致
倒装
1、承前否定，前面是否定后面也是否定意义。
nor, neither
I cann't answer, nor can I.
nor 是连词，neither 既是连词又是副词
I cann't answer, but neither can I。
考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。
[P3-59]She never laughed, _________ lose her temper.
A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did
注: lost one's temper 发脾气
[P35-39]
The manager lost his _________ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.
A) mood B) temper C) mind D) passion
注: 1. in no mood to do 没有心情做某事 2. mind doing 介意做某事 3. passion 热情，激情
[P22-42]I could not persuade him to accept it, _________ make him see the importance of it.
A) if only I could no tB) no more than I could C) or I could not D) nor could I
[P27-33]
The organization had broken no rules, but _________ had it acted responsibly.
A) neither B) so C) either D) both
[P49-57]We don't need air conditioning, _________.
A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford it C) neither can afford it D) and we can neither afford it注: afford 负担，承担
2、only 在于句首＋状语/状从，部分倒装。
Only at work did he feel happy.
Only when you get 85 will I feel better.
Only you can go with me to the west heaven. （加主语不倒装）
[P19-50]Only by shouting at the top of his voice _______
.A) was he able to make himself hear B) he was able to make himself hear
C) he was able to make himself heard D) was he able to make himself heard
注: 1. forum 论坛2. summit 峰会3. convention 国际会议，传统，风俗4. conference 一般性的会议 5. seminar 研讨会
[P16-43]Only under special circumstances ________ to take make-up tests.
A) permitted are freshmen B) freshmen are permitted
C) are freshmen permitted D) are permitted freshmen
注：make-up test 补考 make for 走向 make up for 补偿，弥补
3、否定副词或具有否定意义的词在句首，句子部分倒装。little, no longer, not only... but also, rarely, not until, in no way, scarcely... when, hardly, no sooner... than
主句倒装从句不倒装。
[P6-62]No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _________ we all sat down to rest.
A) when B) then C) than D) until
[P52-60]
We have been told that under no circumstances _______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
A) may we use B) we may use C) we could use D) did we use
[P52-59]Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _______ in the marker.
A) batteries B) bargains C) baskets D) barrels
注：1. batteries 电池 2. barrels 桶
4、as, though 表尽管时，句子部分倒装。 Beautiful as she is she is stupid.
[P35-40]Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _______ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging
[P26-26]___ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
P51-48]The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated
注：isolate 孤立 stimulate 刺激 prestige 名声，声望 ostrich 鸵鸟
同位语从句Mr. Huang, a CET-4 teacher, is a native to Dalian.
主语同位语从句：
Evidence that Mr. Huang killed himself came out.
1）主语必须是一个概括性名词，如：evidence, news, believe, 想法，标志等。
2）同位语从句用来解释说明名词。
Evidence came out that Mr. Huang killed himself.
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
I knew the news that he killed himself.（同位语从句）
I knew the news that was written by you.（定语从句）
1）同位语从句是用来解释前面的名词，而定语从句是用来修饰、限制前面的名词。
2）同位语从句必须是特殊的概括性的名词，而定语从句可以是任何名词。
3）同位语从句 that 起引导词的作用（从句主谓宾完整），定语从句 that 起关系代词的作用（从句不完整）。
[P59-37]There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A) that B) which C) in which D) whose
[P53-69]___ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A) It being B) It is C) There is D) There being
注：1. + 名词，选项中的 there be 结构为首选。2. 作表语是形容词优于名词。It is evident that... 3. evident 明显的 dentist 牙医
[P17-53]The mere fact _________ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A) that B) which C) whatD) why
[P7-63]Evidence came up _________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.A) what B) which C) that D) whose
难题、短语
[P1-41]The bridge was named _______the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.
A) after B) with C) by D) from
注：1. be named after 以……命名 2. be named by 被……取名
[P1-46]All _______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A) what is needed B) for our needs C) the thing needed D) that is needed
注：all that = what
[P3-61]I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _________ in a quiet neighbourhood.
A) all in all B) above all C) after all D) over all
注：1. above all 首先2. all in all 总的来说3. after all 毕竟、终究4. over all 遍及 5. overall 制服；总的
[P5-44]There were some _________ flowers on the table.
A) artificialB) unnaturalC) falseD) unreal
注：1. artificial 人造的2. unnatural 不自然的
3. false 具有欺骗性的"假" false hair 假发false teeth 假牙 4. unreal 不真实的
[P5-47]Children are very curious _________.
A) at heart B) in person C) on purpose D) by nature
注：1. by nature 天性 2. at heart 在心理上（强调内心世界） 3. in person 亲自的 4. on purpose 有目的的、故意的
[P7-67]What _________ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A) do you suppose B) you suppose C) will you suppose D) you would suppose
注：do you suppose 做插入语，过去时用did
[P6-54]Important people don't often have much free time as their work _________ all their time. A) takes away B) takes over C) takes up D) takes in
注：1. take up 占用 2. take away 拿走 3. take over 接管 4. take in 理解；欺骗（口语） I was simply taken in.
[P9-56]The French pianist who had been praised very highly _________ to be a great disappointment.A) tuned up B) turned in C) turned out D) turned down
注：1. turn out to be 证明是，结果是2. turn up 出现3. turn in 上交
4. turn down 拒绝；把音量调小[P15-32]You cannot be _________ careful when you drive a car.A) very B) too C) so D) enough
注：not too+adj 再……也不过分
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英语语法重点
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http://bbs.kuakao.com/thread-434459-1-1.html
一、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的要点：
1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：
(1)表示感知的动词：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；
(2)表示意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
(3)表示思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
(4)表示所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳)；
(5)其他动词：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如：
I'd say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
(1997年考研题， belong表示归属，不用于进行式)
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式)
2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：
(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图；
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；
(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如：
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示"马上就要"，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用；
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：
If you want your film to be properly processed, you'll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.
(画线部分一般不用will be)
(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：
I don't know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)
I'll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
比较：I'll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn't know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：
(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表示1919年时已发生的情况)
(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：
The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：
It isn't the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
时态、语态答题思路：
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)做形式主语的代词：
不定式做主语, 通常用it充当形式主语, 把做主语的不定式短语后置。 如：
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：
不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It's clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主语补足语：
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：
said
reported
thought
be to do sth.
believed
known
supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做宾语
(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词：
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意:
1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语, 这类动词有：
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语, 介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking.
(2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词：
下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带to。
如：
Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：
the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to doThis book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
ambition to do "干……的雄心"→be ambitious to do"有雄心干……"
curiosity to do "对……的好奇心"→be curious to do"对……好奇"
ability to do"做……的能力"→able to do"有能力做……"
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。如：
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be pesistent.
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
There was no sign that Mr.Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚：
● 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。
● 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：
It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相当于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相当于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相当于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner一个逃犯
a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘
a newly arrived student一个新来的学生
2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：
Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前发生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：
He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
3.分词的独立主格结构
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：
All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
4.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式
(1)现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做(逻辑)主语。如：
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(2)过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多以人做(逻辑)主语。如：
These students are quick at learning. We'll have them trained in new methods.
People cannot but feel puzzled. For they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
五、非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)
mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)
forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事)
forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)
go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事
go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔
如：
Mr. Jankin regretted having blamed his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on doing it all the same.
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型：cannot help but do cannot but do
cannot choose but do can do nothing but do
have no choice/alternative but to do
上述句型的意思接近，即"不得不做"、"不禁做"、"不由自主地做"、"不能不做"、"只能做"。其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和but。如：
Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3.动名词的习惯用法
句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
It's no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.
I know it isn't important but I can't help thinking about it.
Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
4.there be 非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.
(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：
For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.
(for there to be…在句中做目的状语)
It isn't cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.
(for there to be…在句中做程度状语)
There being no further questions, we'll stop here today.
(there being…做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：
It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：
He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.
六、虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
主句 从句
与现在事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did
与过去事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+have done had done
与将来事实相反 would/情态动词过去式+do should do
如：
If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.
There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.
(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
(3)识别事实和假设混合句：
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
(句子前半部分为假设情况，而"父母病了"是事实)
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)
2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：
(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：
desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：
In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.
I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：
advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：
The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：
insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, re-quirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：
John Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：
(1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：
A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened; otherwise he wouldn't have made such a stupid remark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn't.
4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：
would rather would as soon as though suppose…
had rather would sooner as if supposing…
If only… It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式)
如：
His wife would rather they didn't talk about the matter any more.
I'd rather you went by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
(2)If it were not for… (与现在事实相反)
If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：
If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
(3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：
If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
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